16-year-old Who Says Sheã¢â‚¬â„¢s the Black Sheep Reveals What She Wants From Family

Idiom for oddness or disreputability

A blackness sheep stands out from the flock.

In the English linguistic communication, black sheep is an idiom used to depict a fellow member of a group, different from the rest, especially within a family, who does not fit in. The term stems from sheep whose fleece is colored black rather than the more common white; these sheep stand out in the flock and their wool was traditionally considered less valuable equally it was not able to be dyed.

In big herds, black sheep are used considering they contrast against the landscape better than their white siblings. Usually, one black sheep accompanies 100 white sheep in a flock of one,000 or more, and then that shepherds can easily count a flock.^{[ citation needed ]}

The term has typically been given negative implications, implying waywardness.^[1]

In psychology, the black sheep effect refers to the tendency of grouping members to gauge likeable ingroup members more positively and deviant ingroup members more negatively than comparable outgroup members.^[ii]

Origin [edit]

In nearly sheep, a white fleece is not acquired by albinism simply by a mutual dominant gene that switches color production off, thus obscuring whatever other color that may be present.^{[ citation needed ]} A blackness fleece is caused past a recessive cistron, so if a white ram and a white ewe are each heterozygous for black, nearly 1 in four of their lambs will exist black. In about white sheep breeds, only a few white sheep are heterozygous for black, so black lambs are usually much rarer than this.

Idiomatic usage [edit]

The term originated from the occasional black sheep which are built-in into a flock of white sheep. Black wool was considered commercially undesirable considering information technology could not be dyed.^[i] In 18th and 19th century England, the blackness color of the sheep was seen as the mark of the devil.^[3] In mod usage, the expression has lost some of its negative connotations, though the term is usually given to the member of a group who has certain characteristics or lack thereof deemed undesirable by that group.^[four] Jessica Mitford described herself every bit "the ruby sheep of the family", a communist in a family of aristocratic fascists.^[five]

The idiom is as well establish in other languages, east.k. German, French, Italian, Serbian, Bulgarian, Hebrew, Portuguese, Bosnian, Greek, Turkish, Hungarian, Dutch, Afrikaans, Swedish, Danish, Spanish, Catalan, Czech, Slovak, Romanaian and Polish. During the Second Spanish Commonwealth a weekly mag named El Be Negre, meaning 'The Black Sheep', was published in Barcelona.^[vi]

The same concept is illustrated in some other languages by the phrase "white crow": for case, belaya vorona ( бе́лая воро́на ) in Russian and kalāg-e sefīd ( کلاغ سفید ) in Persian.

In psychology [edit]

In 1988, Marques, Yzerbyt and Leyens conducted an experiment where Belgian students rated the post-obit groups according to trait-descriptors (e.g. sociable, polite, violent, cold): unlikeable Belgian students, unlikeable North African students, likeable Belgian students, and likeable N African students. The results indicated that favorability is considered highest for likeable ingroup members and lowest for unlikeable ingroup members, with the favorability of unlikeable and likeable outgroup members lying between the 2 ingroup members.^[2] These extreme judgements of likeable and unlikeable (i.e., deviant) ingroup members, relatively to comparable outgroup members is called "blackness sheep issue". This consequence has been shown in diverse intergroup contexts and under a multifariousness of conditions, and in many experiments manipulating likeability and norm deviance.^{[7] [eight] [9] [10]}

Explanations [edit]

A prominent explanation of the blackness sheep effect derives from the social identity approach (social identity theory^[11] and self-categorization theory^[12]). Grouping members are motivated to sustain a positive and distinctive social identity and, equally a issue, group members emphasize likeable members and evaluate them more positive than outgroup members, bolstering the positive image of their ingroup (ingroup bias). Furthermore, the positive social identity may be threatened by grouping members who deviate from a relevant grouping norm. To protect the positive group image, ingroup members derogate ingroup deviants more than harshly than deviants of an outgroup (Marques, Abrams, Páez, & Hogg, 2001).^[13]

In improver, Eidelman and Biernat showed in 2003 that personal identities are also threatened through deviant ingroup members. They argue that devaluation of deviant members is an private response of interpersonal differentiation.^[xiv] Khan and Lambert suggested in 1998 that cognitive processes such as absorption and dissimilarity, which may underline the effect, should exist examined.^[ix]

Limitations [edit]

Even though there is wide back up for the blackness sheep effect, the opposite pattern has been institute, for example, that White participants guess unqualified Black targets more than negatively than comparable White targets (e.g. Feldman, 1972;^[15] Linville & Jones, 1980).^[xvi] Consequently, there are several factors which influence the black sheep consequence. For instance, the higher the identification with the ingroup, and the college the entitativity of the ingroup, the more the black sheep effect emerges.^{[17] [18]} Fifty-fifty situational factors explaining the deviance have an influence whether the black sheep effect occurs.^[19]

equally a projection

To put it more than precisely, a "blackness sheep" is an outsider who stands out due to characteristics or beliefs that do not stand for to the ideas or rules that utilize and are accustomed in the group.  This difference is rated as unpleasant by the other group members or felt as "shameful".  In doing so, people who are different are not only fabricated responsible for their own behavior, but likewise generally blamed for grievances in the group.[2]

In the group dynamic, the "black sheep" in the role of the outsider fulfills an important function as a scapegoat.  The grouping strengthens the inner cohesion at the expense of the outsider (bullying).  Uncomfortable fearful group issues are kept out of the grouping by being projected and personified onto the outsider.  The outsider is therefore a carrier of important and valuable energy and can - properly integrated - contribute significantly to the positive evolution of the grouping and its work.[3]

Run across as well [edit]

• Black swan theory
• Glossary of sheep husbandry
• Scapegoat
• Baa Baa Blackness Sheep
• The Ugly Duckling

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} Ammer, Christine (1997). American Heritage Lexicon of Idioms . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 64. ISBN978-0-395-72774-4 . Retrieved 2007-11-13 .
2. ^ ^{a b} Marques, J. Yard.; Yzerbyt, 5. Y.; Leyens, J. (1988). "The 'Black Sheep Issue': Extremity of judgments towards ingroup members as a role of grouping identification". European Journal of Social Psychology. eighteen: ane–16. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420180102.
3. ^ Sykes, Christopher Simon (1983). Black Sheep. New York: Viking Printing. p. 11. ISBN978-0-670-17276-four.
4. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms. Houghton Mifflin Visitor. 1992. Archived from the original on 2008-04-xv. Retrieved 2008-03-24 .
5. ^ "Red Sheep: How Jessica Mitford found her vocalism" by Thomas Mallon 16 Oct 2007 New Yorker Archived vi June 2011 at the Wayback Auto.
6. ^ El be negre (1931-1936) - La Ciberniz Archived 2013-02-11 at the Wayback Machine
7. ^ Branscombe, N.; Wann, D.; Noel, J.; Coleman, J. (1993). "In-grouping or out-grouping extremity: Importance of the threatened social identity". Personality and Social Psychology Message. xix (4): 381–388. doi:ten.1177/0146167293194003.
8. ^ Coull, A.; Yzerbyt, V. Y.; Castano, E.; Paladino, M.-P.; Leemans, 5. (2001). "Protecting the ingroup: Motivated allotment of cognitive resources in the presence of threatening ingroup members". Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. 4 (four): 327–339. CiteSeerX10.1.1.379.3383. doi:10.1177/1368430201004004003.
9. ^ ^{a b} Khan, S.; Lambert, A. J. (1998). "Ingroup favoritism versus blackness sheep effects in observations of breezy conversations". Bones and Applied Social Psychology. 20 (4): 263–269. doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2004_3.
10. ^ Pinto, I. R.; Marques, J. G.; Levine, J. Thou.; Abrams, D. (2010). "Membership status and subjective grouping dynamics: Who triggers the black sheep effect?". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 99 (one): 107–119. doi:ten.1037/a0018187. PMID 20565188.
11. ^ Worchel, Southward.; Austin, W. G. (1979). The Social psychology of intergroup relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks-Cole.
12. ^ Turner, J. C.; Hogg, Thousand. A.; Oakes, P. J.; Reicher, Due south. D.; Wetherell, K. S. (1987). Rediscovering the Social grouping: A cocky-categorization theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
13. ^ Hogg, Yard. A.; Tindale, S. (2001). Blackwell handbook of social psychology: group processes. Malden, Mass: Blackwell.
14. ^ Eidelman, S.; Biernat, M. (2003). "Derogating black sheep: Private or group protection?". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 39 (6): 602–609. doi:10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00042-8.
15. ^ Feldman, J. G. (1972). "Stimulus characteristics and subject field prejudice as determinants of stereotype attribution". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 21 (three): 333–340. doi:x.1037/h0032313.
16. ^ Linville, P. W.; Jones, E. E. (1980). "Polarized appraisals of out-grouping members". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 38 (5): 689–703. doi:x.1037/0022-3514.38.5.689.
17. ^ Castano, Eastward.; Paladino, M.; Coull, A.; Yzerbyt, Five. Y. (2002). "Protecting the ingroup stereotype: Ingroup identification and the management of deviant ingroup members". British Journal of Social Psychology. 41 (three): 365–385. doi:ten.1348/014466602760344269. PMID 12419008. S2CID 2003883.
18. ^ Lewis, A. C.; Sherman, South. J. (2010). "Perceived entitativity and the blackness-sheep effect: When volition we denigrate negative ingroup members?". The Journal of Social Psychology. 150 (2): 211–225. doi:x.1080/00224540903366388. PMID 20397595.
19. ^ De Cremer, D.; Vanbeselaere, Due north. (1999). "I am deviant, because...: The touch of situational factors upon the blackness sheep effect". Psychologica Belgica. 39: 71–79.

External links [edit]

Expect up black sheep in Wiktionary, the gratis dictionary.

• Exploration of the etymology of the phrase "black sheep of the family"
• Marques, José M.; José Thousand. Marques; Vincent Y. Yzerbyt (1988). "The black sheep effect: Judgmental extremity towards ingroup members in inter-and intra-group situations". European Journal of Social Psychology. 18 (3): 287–292. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420180308. Retrieved 2008-01-04 .

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_sheep

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